@article { author = {Khadem, Ali and Hossein-Zadeh, Gholam Ali}, title = {A Novel Criterion for Ranking the Robustness of EEG/MEG Sensor-Space Connectivity Estimators against Volume Conduction Artifact}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1-17}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13050}, abstract = {In EEG/MEG datasets, the Volume Conduction (VC) artifact appears as instantaneous linear mixing of brain source activities on the channel measurements. A desired characteristic of an ideal EEG/MEG connectivity estimator (on sensor-space) is its robustness to VC artifact. This means that the VC of independent brain sources must never lead to detection of significant connectivity among EEG/MEG channels. There has been no criterion in the literature so far that can compare the robustness levels of different (sensor-space) connectivity estimators against VC artifact. In this paper, a criterion called Robustness Index (RI) is proposed to compare the robustness levels of connectivity estimators to channel couplings which are modeled by instantaneous linear mixing of quasi-independent components. Since the VC effects have instantaneous linear mixing nature, we expect RI to rank the connectivity estimators according to their robustness levels to VC artifact. RI is used to rank seven functional connectivity estimators: the absolute value of Pearson Correlation Coefficient (CC), Mutual Information (MI), Magnitude Squared Coherence (Coh), (1:1) Phase Locking Value ((1:1)PLV), the absolute value of Imaginary part of Coherency (ImC), Phase Lag Index (PLI) and Weighted Phase Lag Index (WPLI). The results for simulated data and a real EEG dataset show the connectivity estimators that are theoretically robust to VC artifact (ImC, PLI and WPLI) yield RI values near %100 and have the highest ranks, as expected. Also, for the simulated models in which the true VC effects and brain sources are known, ranking the connectivity estimators by RI is consistent with their robustness levels against VC artifact. This supports the possibility of using RI as a tool for ranking the robustness levels of connectivity estimators against VC artifact for real EEG/MEG datasets.}, keywords = {Volume Conduction Artifact,EEG/MEG,Independent Component Analysis (ICA),Surrogate Data,Connectivity Estimators,Robustness Index (RI)}, title_fa = {معیاری نوین برای رتبه‌بندی مقاومت تخمین‌گرهای ارتباطات کانال‌های EEG/MEG در مقابل آرتیفکت هدایت حجمی}, abstract_fa = {ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی EEG/MEG، ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻰ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍی ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻐﺰی ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎی ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎی ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺁﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﺰی، ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻐﺰی ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻰﺩﺍﺭی ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎی EEG/MEG ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭی ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﺰی ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎی ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭی ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ (RI) ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻰ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍی ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎی ﺷﺒﻪ- ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺪﻝﺳﺎﺯی ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻰ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍی ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ، ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ RI ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎی ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﺰی ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ، ﺍﺯ RI ﺑﺮﺍی ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﻫﻔﺖ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩی ﻣﻐﺰی، ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ: ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﭘﻴﺮﺳﻮﻥ (CC)، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ (MI)، ﻣﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﻮﻫﺮﻧﺲ (Coh)، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻔﻞﺷﺪﮔﻰ ﻓﺎﺯ (1:1) ((1:1)PLV)، ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻰ ﻛﻮﻫﺮﻧﺴﻰ (ImC)، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ (PLI) ﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻭﺯﻥﺩﺍﺭ (WPLI). ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝﻫﺎی ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ EEG ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﺌﻮﺭی ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺗﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (ImC، PLI و WPLI) ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ RI ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ %100 ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﻛﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻐﺰی ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ RI ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ RI ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ EEG/MEG ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ. }, keywords_fa = {ﺁﺭﺗﻴﻔﻜﺖ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻰ,ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺍﻧﺴﻔﺎﻟﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ/ﻣﮕﻨﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﻔﺎﻟﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ,(EEG/MEG) ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ (ICA),ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﮔﺮﻫﺎی ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﺰی,ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ,ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ (RI)}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13050.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13050_40bbd2be79ac9688fa64d32252110f78.pdf} } @article { author = {Hajian, Reza and Towhidkhah, Farzad}, title = {Hand Tremor Suppuration by Muscle Surface Electrical Stimulation}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {19-29}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13553}, abstract = {Tremor is one of the most frequent movement disorders which is involuntary and approximately sinusoidal. It affects various body joints such as elbow. Tremor on an elbow is considered as extension, flection, and rotation of the forearm. There are miscellaneous types of treatments for tremor one of which is electrical stimulation. In this research, we study existing stimulation methods in order to reduce tremor and control stimulation pulses. It should be notified that studying these methods requires 1- an electrical stimulator so that one can run natural experiments and estimate the validity of the model, 2- a skeletal- neuromuscular model in order to study the tremor dynamics and the system simulation, and 3- determining an appropriate stimulation scheme and control method in order that one can control the stimulation parameters to reduce tremor. The antagonist muscle stimulation technique for reducing tremor is in the form of either muscle co-contraction or anti-phase stimulation. In the former method, considering the fact that the time-dependent system has time-delay, disturbance, and non-linearities, a robust controller is needed. Hence, in this study, we take advantage of MPC controller because of its features. The results show that MPC controller is more satisfactory than the PID and fuzzy ones used in previous works and also demonstrate that one can theoretically reduce tremor by applying appropriate electrical stimulation.}, keywords = {Tremor suppression,Surface functional electrical stimulation,MPC controller,Out of phase stimulation,Muscloskeletal Model}, title_fa = {کاهش لرزش دست با استفاده از تحریک الکتریکی سطحی عضله}, abstract_fa = {ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﻳﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﺭﺍﺩی ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻟﺮﺯﺵ، ﻣﻔﺼﻞﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺁﺭﻧﺞ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ. ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺁﺭﻧﺞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻰ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩی ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ 1) ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮤ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ، ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎی ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻰ ﻣﺪﻝ، 2) ﻣﺪﻝ ﻋﺼﺒﻰ- ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻰ- ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮏ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ، 3) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ، ﻧﺤﻮﮤ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﻛﻪ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ، ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ، ﺍﻏﺘﺸﺎﺵ، ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﻰ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍی ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎی ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ MPC،  ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﮤ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ MPC ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ PID ﻭ Fuzzy - ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ- ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩی ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﮤ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺌﻮﺭی ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ. }, keywords_fa = {ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ,ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﻝ,ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩی ﺳﻄﺤﻰ,ﻣﺪﻝ ﻋﺼﺒﻰ- ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻰ- ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻰ,ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻓﺎﺯ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13553.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13553_aade6eef962dd3c50f7be5eb7f697e70.pdf} } @article { author = {Borjkhani, Hadi and Sheikhaei, Samad and Borjkhani, Mehdi}, title = {Low power MICS band Transmitter for Bio-Medical Sensor Nodes with Driving Capability by Energy Harvesting Systems}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {31-43}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13554}, abstract = {Currently need for ultra low power wireless transmitters in medical applications are inevitable. In this paper a new transmitter for body-worn and implantable sensor nodes is presented. Most of the sensor nodes supply their power using energy harvesting instead of a battery, since the power earned by harvesting is limited, so the average and the peak power consumption of the sensor node must be minimized. Transmitter blocks which implemented in sensor nodes are too power consuming. So a new low power Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) transmitter based on sub-harmonic current mode injection locking, and edge combining technique has been proposed. The proposed transmitter was designed to make a mutual communication between sensor node and base station, so there is no need for complexity at receiver side. In order to reduce the consuming power at transmitter side, BFSK modulation is done at reference frequency to prevent usage of power consuming low phase noise oscillator at carrier frequency. A 34MHz reference clock is used and the frequency of reference clock multiplied by 12 for desired carrier frequency. The phase noise of the carrier at 1MHz frequency offset is -117 dBc/Hz. Total power consumption of the transmitter is about 144μW. The output carrier frequency is 408MHz. BFSK modulation scheme is used at the frequency much lower than the carrier frequency in order to reduce the power consumption.}, keywords = {Sensor Node,Low power Transmitter,Sub-Harmonic Injection Locking,Frequency Multiplication,Ring Oscillator,Edge Combine}, title_fa = {فرستنده کم‌توان حسگرهای بی‌سیم پزشکی در باند فرکانسی MICS با قابلیت راه‌اندازی با استفاده از سیستم استحصال انرژی}, abstract_fa = {ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩﺍی ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭی ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﺴﮕﺮﻫﺎی ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻧﻰ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭی ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎی ﺣﺴﮕﺮی ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎی ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻃﺮی، ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮋی ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮋی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﮔﺮﻩ ﺣﺴﮕﺮی ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﮔﺮﻩ ﺣﺴﮕﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺑﻠﻮکﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭی ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ BFSK ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎی ﻗﻔﻞ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ BFSK، ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻰ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻩ ﺣﺴﮕﺮی ﻭ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭی ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩی ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭیﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻳﺞ، ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ PLL ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ  ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭیﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ MHz 34 ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻧﺘﻦ 12 ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﻗﻔﻞ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻧﻮﻳﺰ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﮤ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻰ dBc/Hz 117-  ﺑﺎ ﺁﻓﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻰ MHz 1 ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻰ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ μW 144  ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ dBm 7/16- ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ، ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ MHz 34 ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ.}, keywords_fa = {ﮔﺮﻩ ﺣﺴﮕﺮی,ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻢﺗﻮﺍﻥ,ﻗﻔﻞ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﮏ ﻓﺮﻋﻰ,ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻰ,ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯ ﺣﻠﻘﻮی,ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13554.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13554_b990e625a5b8b3fac2f2b24ec6728c4b.pdf} } @article { author = {Miri, Malihe and Sadeghi, Mohammad Taghi and Abootalebi, Vahid}, title = {Two Stages Sparse Representation-based Classifier and its Application for Cancer Classification}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {45-56}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13555}, abstract = {Successful outcomes of Sparse Representation-based Classifier (SRC) and Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) in many applications motivated us to combine these methods and propose a hierarchical classifier. The main idea behind the SRC and SSC algorithms is to represent a data using a sparse linear combination of elementary signals so that those elementary signals which are similar to the data contribute mainly in the representation. In this paper, the performance of a sparse representation based classifier is improved by pre-clustering of training samples using the SSC algorithm. A twostage SRC is then designed using the resulting clusters. A test data is classified by first determining the most similar cluster. The data label is subsequently found using the second stage classifier. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated considering cancer classification problem using the 14-Tumors microarray dataset. Due to low number of data samples per each class and high dimensionality of the data, this is a challenging problem. Curse of dimensionality, overfitting of the classifier to the training data and computational complexity are the possible related problems. Our experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms some other state of the art classifiers.}, keywords = {Sparse Subspace Clustering,Microarray data,Cancer classification,Hierarchical classifier,Sparse Representation-based Classification,sparse representation}, title_fa = {طبقه‌بندی کننده دومرحله‌ای مبتنی بر نمایش تنک و کاربرد آن در تشخیص سرطان}, abstract_fa = {ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪیﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﮏ (SRC) ﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺯﻳﺮﻓﻀﺎی ﺗﻨﮏ (SSC) ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ، ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺒﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﮏ، ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻰ ﺗﻨﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍی ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩی، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ، ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺯﻳﺮﻓﻀﺎی ﺗﻨﮏ ﺑﺨﺶﺑﻨﺪی ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﮤ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪیﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﮏ، ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪیﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍی ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺍی ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ، ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺍی ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩی ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩی ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ Tumors-14 -ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭی ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ- ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎی ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﺍی ﭼﺎﻟﺶﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ. ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻔﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪیﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻰ ﺷﺪﻩ؛ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ. ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎی ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩی ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی، ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮی ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ.}, keywords_fa = {ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺯﻳﺮﻓﻀﺎی ﺗﻨﮏ,ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ,ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ,ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪیﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺒﻰ,ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪیﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﮏ,ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﮏ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13555.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13555_ea49dec81a974a3363aed0f68158f594.pdf} } @article { author = {Babaei, Sahar and Maleki, Ali}, title = {Sensor design and construction of angle measurement device based on accelerometer sensor and Bluetooth module}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {57-68}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13556}, abstract = {Nowadays real time motion tracking have been receiving considerable attention in many applications and research fields such as rehabilitation, medicine and treatment. Recently MEMS accelerometers play an important role to attend desired result for these applications. This paper presents a new design for angle measurement device based on accelerometer sensor and Bluetooth module. Using Bluetooth module in addition to providing minimally obtrusive recording, allows you to connect to your personal computer and mobile quicker and easier. This system has made up of 2 complete 3 axis accelerometer ADXL330, which by giving sufficient data in 3D space allows us to investigate joint angle with DCMR method. The mentioned method in dynamic recording remarkably has less error in comparison to CMR method. As one application for this system, determination of elbow joint angle is studied. Eventually experimental recording of elbow joint angle in static and dynamic condition was done by applying CMR method. With reference to electrogoniometer output the maximum static and dynamic error were obtained respectively 3 and 6.1 degrees.}, keywords = {Accelerometer,Angle sensor,Bluetooth,DCMR}, title_fa = {طراحی و ساخت حسگر زاویه مفصل با استفاده از ارتباط بی‌سیم بلوتوث مبتنی بر شتاب‌سنج}, abstract_fa = {ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﮕﺮی ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺒﺨﺸﻰ، ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎی ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ MEMS ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮی ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺗﻮﺙ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺗﻮﺙ، ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ، ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭی ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻩ ADXL330 ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺳﻪﺑﻌﺪی ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ DCMR ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ. ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ CMR ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺎی ﻛﻤﺘﺮی ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍی ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ، ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺁﺭﻧﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ CMR ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮏ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ، ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻜﻰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻭﻧﮓ، ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺴﮕﺮ ﺑﻰﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ، ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻄﺎی ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 3 ﻭ 1/6 ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ. }, keywords_fa = {ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺳﻨﺞ,ﺣﺴﮕﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ,ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻰﺳﻴﻢ,ﺣﺮﻛﺖ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13556.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13556_0e3e1b9a7a41745b47f71b98f9373f59.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousefi, Mohammad Reza and Jafari, Reza and Abrishami Moghaddam, Hamid}, title = {A Combined Wavelet Based Mesh Free-Finite Element Method for Solving the Forward Problem in Magnetic Induction Tomography}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {69-86}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13557}, abstract = {In this paper, a combined wavelet based mesh free method has been presented to solve the forward problem in magnetic induction tomography (MIT). Being a non-contact safe imaging technique, MIT has been an appropriate method for noninvasive industrial and medical imaging. In this imaging method, a primary magnetic field is applied by one or more excitation coils to induce eddy currents in the material to be studied, and then the secondary magnetic field from these eddy currents is detected in sensing coils. Image reconstruction is obtained from estimated electric conductivity coefficients by using measurement data and solutions of forward and inverse problems. In general, the forward problem is solved using finite element method (FEM) with acceptable accuracy but in problems involving moving objects or objects with changing geometrical appearance, mesh distortion is inevitable and susceptible to producing error in numerical results. Since the solution of the FEM depends on the mesh shape and boundary condition constraints are difficult to be applied to the mesh free method, in this paper, the combined wavelet based mesh free approach is suggested to resolve the disadvantages of both methods in the MIT forward problem. In order to apply interface conditions between the two finite element and mesh free sub-domains, slope jump functions are entered to the set of basis functions. The simulation results obtained by the proposed method are compared with the FEM in terms of accuracy and computational cost.}, keywords = {Magnetic induction tomography,combined wavelet based mesh free-finite element method,wavelet-Galerkin method,forward problem,wavelet method}, title_fa = {مدل‌سازی اجزای محدود-بدون ‌مش مبتنی بر موجک در حل مساله پیشرو مقطع‌نگاری القای مغناطیسی}, abstract_fa = {ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ - ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺶ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊﻧﮕﺎﺭی ﺍﻟﻘﺎی ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی، ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ، ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ؛ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮋﻫﺎی ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻢﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎی ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮی ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮی، ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ ﻭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯی ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺶ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ، ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺤﺮک ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺶﺑﻨﺪی ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯی ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺶ، ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ - ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺶ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﮏ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊﻧﮕﺎﺭی ﺍﻟﻘﺎی ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺶ، ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭘﺮﺵ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩی، ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ.}, keywords_fa = {ﻣﻘﻄﻊﻧﮕﺎﺭی ﺍﻟﻘﺎی ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ,ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺍﻟﻘﺎی ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ,ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ - ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺶ,ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ,ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﮏ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13557.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13557_92d4e39a2a92716b68b5ddfbf05f2176.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezaeian, Mohammad Reza and Hossein-Zadeh, Gholam Ali and Soltanian Zadeh, Hamid}, title = {Designing and Optimization of Continuous Electromagnetic RF Pulses for Studying CEST MRI by Numerical Solution to the Bloch-McConnell Equations}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {87-99}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13558}, abstract = {Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a new mechanism of contrast generation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which differentiates molecule biomarkers via chemical shift. CEST MRI contrast mechanism is very complex and depends on radio frequency (RF) power and RF pulse shape. Two approaches have been used to saturate contrast agent (CA) protons: continuous wave CEST (CW-CEST) and pulsed CEST. To find the optimal RF pulse, numerical solution of Bloch-McConnell equations (BME) may be used. In this paperwe find the optimum values of RF pulse parameters that maximize the CEST contrast. Discrete pulses have lower specific absorption ratio (SAR) than CW RF pulses. However, since discretization is performed on continuous RF pulses, optimizing the continuous RF pulses leads to the optimization of discrete RF pulses. Therefore, in this paper, Rectangular, Gaussian and Fermi pulses are investigated as CW RF pulses. In this investigation, in addition to considering the SAR limitation, 60 dB approximation for the RF pulse amplitude is used. To compare the efficiency of pulses, their resultant flip angles (FA) are assumed equal. Efficiency of CW-CEST is investigated using two parameters, CEST ratio and SAR. According to these parametres, rectangular, Fermi and Gaussian RF pulses have the best performance respectively. Since implementation of rectangular RF is harder than Gaussian and Fermi RF pulses, Fermi and Gaussian RF pulses are desired. Our results suggest that it is possible to maximize CEST ratio by optimizing parameters of rectangular (with an amplitude of 5.7μT), Gaussian (σ about 0.7s) and Fermi (a-value about 0.3s) pulses. Results are verified by empirical formulation of CEST ratio.}, keywords = {Bloch-McConnell equations,CEST MRI,Numerical solution,A-spectra,SAR}, title_fa = {طراحی و بهینه‌سازی پالس‌های الکترومغناطیسی پیوسته برای مطالعه پدیده انتقال اشباع به واسطه تبادل شیمیایی در تصویربرداری تشدید مغناطیسی با حل عددی معادلات بلاخ-مک‌کانل}, abstract_fa = {ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ (CEST) ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﺘﻰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ (MRI) ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩی ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ، ﺷﺪﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎی ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ (RF) ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ. ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ RF ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻼﺥ- ﻣﮏ ﻛﺎﻧﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎی ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎی ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ RF ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎی ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎی ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ (SAR) ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮی ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎی ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯی ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ، ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮی ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮی ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎی RF ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺵ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻰ، ﮔﻮﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﻰ ﺩﺭ ،MRI ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎی ﮔﻮﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ 60dB، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ SAR ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ (ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ) ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺛﺮ CEST ﻭ SAR ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻰ، ﻓﺮﻣﻰ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺳﻰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮی ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﻨﮏ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ، ﭘﺎﻟﺲﻫﺎی ﮔﻮﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﻰ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍی ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ 7/5 ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺗﺴﻼ، ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﮔﻮﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍی ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ 7/0 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﺮﻣﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍی ﺿﺮﻳﺐ D ، 3/0 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.}, keywords_fa = {ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ,ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎی ﻋﺪﺩی,A-spectra,SAR,ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻼﺥ- ﻣﮏ ﻛﺎﻧﻞ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13558.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13558_4c0f8f61a7f23e3c2f9d76db3829e2d3.pdf} } @article { author = {Barimani, Sohrab and Maleki, Ali and Fallah, Ali}, title = {Influence of Mechanical Terms in Quantifying Muscle Synergy during Cycling for FES Rehabilitation Applications}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {101-111}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Iranian Society for Biomedical Engineering}, issn = {5869-2008}, eissn = {9685-8006}, doi = {10.22041/ijbme.2014.13559}, abstract = {FES based method used for rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). One of these methods is FES cycling. FES cycling exercise has to be useful among SCI patients because of creating a periodic activity in the muscles of the lower extremities and stability of seating position. The major challenge for application of FES in rehabilitation is early fatigue occurrence in electrically stimulated muscles. Motor control system selects a low-cost path among the infinite possible route to the body's movements. High efficiency and the minimum rate of muscle fatigue are main characteristics of the motor control system. This type of control system is called muscle synergy. In this study, the quantification of muscle synergy between the core muscles in cycling has been done by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method and considering the kinesiology basis. Four synergies were determined as appropriate and optimal synergies to describe the cycling in different mechanical terms. VAF criteria with regard to the four synergies to describe cycling in speeds of 40, 50 and 60 rpm are 92±4, 92±3 and 91±4% respectively and torques, 5, 7 and 9 Nm are 91±3, 92±5 and 92±4% respectively. Correlation between Synergies extracted at different mechanical terms is 98.4 percent in average.}, keywords = {Functional electrical stimulation,FES Cycling,Muscle synergy}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر شرایط مکانیکی در تعیین کمی سینرژی عضلانی حین رکاب‌زنی برای کاربردهای توانبخشی FES}, abstract_fa = {ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺎﺯﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻰ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎی ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ FES ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ FES ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪﻫﺎی ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭی ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﺗﻜﺎی ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ، ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ FES ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺮﻩ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎی ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺻﻠﻰﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻭی ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ FES ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺒﺨﺸﻰ، ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻋﻀﻠﻪﺍی ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮی ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻢﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﺍی ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻰﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎی ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎی ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ، ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋی ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ، ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ FES ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﮤ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮی ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻰﺳﺎﺯی ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋی ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻀﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻔﻰ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﺎی ﻛﻴﻨﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮋی ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋی ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋیﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ VAF ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋی ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎی 40، 50 ﻭ 60 ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ 92±4، 92±3 ﻭ 91±4 ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍی ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎی 5، 7 ﻭ 9 ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ 91±3، 92±5 ﻭ 92±4 ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ. ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋیﻫﺎی ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎی ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ 4/98 ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.}, keywords_fa = {ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩی,ﺭﻛﺎﺏﺯﻧﻰ FES,ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮋی ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻰ}, url = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13559.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbme.org/article_13559_7d29f96449a8ca03b6877a85fdb9cb11.pdf} }